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Material Cause:

  • The matter that makes up an object, like the chemical composition of an apple.

Formal Cause:

  • The unique form or structure that defines the object’s identity.

Efficient Cause:

  • The process or event that brings an object into existence, such as the growth of the apple tree.

Final Cause:

  • The ultimate purpose or potential of an object, like the apple’s potential to grow into an apple tree.

🌱 Potency and Actuality:

  • Objects have potency (potential) and actuality (realized potential).

  • An apple, for example, has the potency to become a mature apple tree.

Prime Mover:

  • Aristotle proposes a prime mover or unmoved mover as the ultimate cause, not caused by anything else.

  • This prime mover elicits love and serves as the final cause, attracting all things towards itself.

  • It moves the cosmos by inspiring intelligibility and love.